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The purpose of this article is to review the research progress on fear of dementia， and to provide references for clinical treatment and nursing care. Fear of dementia is a widespread problem for adults， and adults with high degrees of fear were more likely to develop adverse psychological consequences， including aggravation of anxiety and depression， decreased inclination toward health-promoting behaviours， avoidance of medical treatment， and suicidal ideation. At present， domestic and foreign studies have mainly focused on the current situation and influencing factors of fear of dementia. Therefore， this article gives a review on the fear of dementia in terms of its concept， incidence， impact， influencing factors， assessment tools and intervention measures， with a view to provide a reference for the subsequent studies.
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Objective:To discuss the value of real-time three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging(RT3D-STI) in the evaluation of the left atrial (LA) volume and function in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with different dialysis methods.Methods:Eighty-three ESRD patients who were treated in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from February to August 2019 were enrolled and divided into non-dialysis group ( n=25), hemodialysis group (HD group, n=31) and peritoneal dialysis group (PD group, n=27). And 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled as control group. Subsequently, the LA volume indexs including LA maximal volume index (LAVImax), LA minimal volume index (LAVImin) and LA presystolic volume index (LAVIpre), the LA function parameters including LA ejection fraction (LAEF), LA passive ejection fraction(LApEF) and LA active ejection fraction (LAaEF) and the LA global strain parameters including global longitudinal strain(GLS), global radial strain(GRS) and global circumferential strain(GCS) were obtained by RT3D-STI. The differences of the parameters among these groups were compared and the correlations between the myocardial strain parameters and dialysis time were analyzed. Results:①The LAVImax, LAVImin and LAVIpre of the non-dialysis group, PD group and HD group were higher than those in the control group, while the LAEF, LApEF, GLS, GRS and GCS were lower than those in the control group(all P<0.05); the LAVImin of the PD group as well as the LAVImin, LAVIpre and LAVImax of HD group were higher than those of non-dialysis group, while the LAEF, LApEF, GLS, GCS of the PD group and the LAEF, LApEF, GLS, GRS, GCS of HD group were lower than those of non-dialysis group (all P<0.05). The LAVImax, LAVImin, LAVIpre of HD group were higher than those of PD group, while the LAEF, LApEF, GLS, GRS and GCS of HD group were lower than those of PD group (all P<0.05). ②The GLS and GCS in PD group were negatively correlated with the dialysis time( r=-0.670, -0.596, all P<0.05), and the GLS, GCS and GRS in HD group were negatively correlated with the dialysis time( r=-0.624, -0.631, -0.551, all P<0.05). Conclusions:RT3D-STI can assess the LA volume and function of ESRD patients with different dialysis methods effectively and can further evaluate the prognosis of patients and guide timely clinical intervention.
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Objective@#To assess left atrial(LA)function by evaluating changes of LA wall movement and volume detected by real-time three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging(RT3D-STI)in elderly patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR).@*Methods@#Eighty-six elderly patients with coronary heart disease(CHD)were enrolled in this study.According to whether or not to have IMR, the patients were divided into the pure CHD group(n=32)and the CHD-induced ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR)group(n=54, including 20 cases of mild IMR, 18 cases of moderate IMR and 16 cases of severe IMR). Thirty-two healthy elderly volunteers were considered as control group.RT3D-STI was used to evaluate the global atrial longitudinal strain(GLS), global circumferential strain(GCS), global radial strain(GRS)and LA maximal, minimal and pre-systolic volumes(LAVmax, LAVmin, and LAVp). LA ejection fraction(LAEF), LA passive ejection fraction(LApEF)and LA active ejection fraction(LAaEF)were calculated.The relationship of LA volume changes and myocardial strain with LA function was analyzed.@*Results@#The left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)and LAEF were reduced in CHD group and IMR group as compared with the control group, and were lower in IMR group than in CHD group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the LAVmin was increased, and the LAaEF was decreased in the IMR group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the GLS, GCS, GRS were declined in the CHD and IMR groups, and were lower in IMR group than in control group(P<0.05). Along with the increased severity of regurgitation, GLS, GCS, and GRS were decreased in varying degrees.The standard deviations of time to peak longitudinal strains(TLS-SD), of time to peak circumferential strains(TCS-SD), and of time to peak radial strain(TRS-SD)rose in the IMR group as compared with the control group(P<0.05). The myocardial motion indicators(GLS, GCS, GRS)had a quite strong correlation with LAEF in the CHD and IMR groups(CHD group: r=-0.745, -0.718 and 0.627, P=0.006, 0.007 and 0.009; IMR group: r=-0.785, -0.781, 0.643, P=0.006, 0.007 and 0.008). The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of TLS-SD, TCS-SD and TRS-SD were 89.7% and 81.8%, 78.6% and 84.8%, 85.7% and 72.1%, respectively in the evaluation of LA function changes.@*Conclusions@#RT3D-STI can precisely and objectively assess the LA function changes by measuring the volume changes and tracing the myocardial motion in elderly IMR patients.
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Objective To assess left atrial(LA)function by evaluating changes of LA wall movement and volume detected by real-time three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging(RT3D-STI)in elderly patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR).Methods Eighty-six elderly patients with coronary heart disease(CHD)were enrolled in this study.According to whether or not to have IMR,the patients were divided into the pure CHD group (n =32)and the CHD-induced ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR)group(n=54,including 20 cases of mild IMR,18 cases of moderate IMR and 16 cases of severe IMR).Thirty-two healthy elderly volunteers were considered as control group.RT3D-STI was used to evaluate the global atrial longitudinal strain (GLS),global circumferential strain (GCS),global radial strain(GRS)and LA maximal,minimal and pre-systolic volumes (LAVmax,LAVmin,and LAVp).LA ejection fraction (LAEF),LA passive ejection fraction (LApEF) and LA active ejection fraction (LAaEF)were calculated.The relationship of LA volume changes and myocardial strain with LA function was analyzed.Results The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)and LAEF were reduced in CHD group and IMR group as compared with the control group,and were lower in IMR group than in CHD group(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the LAVmin was increased,and the LAaEF was decreased in the IMR group(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the GLS,GCS,GRS were declined in the C HD and IMR groups,and were lower in IMR group than in control group(P＜0.05).Along with the increased severity of regurgitation,GLS,GCS,and GRS were decreased in varying degrees.The standard deviations of time to peak longitudinal strains(TLS-SD),of time to peak circumferential strains(TCS-SD),and of time to peak radial strain (TRS-SD)rose in the IMR group as compared with the control group(P ＜0.05).The myocardial motion indicators(GLS,GCS,GRS)had a quite strong correlation with LAEF in the CHD and IMR groups(CHD group:r=-0.745,-0.718 and 0.627,P=0.006,0.007 and 0.009;IMR group:r=-0.785,-0.781,0.643,P =0.006,0.007 and 0.008).The receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curves analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of TLS-SD,TCS-SD and TRS-SD were 89.7％ and 81.8％,78.6％ and 84.8％％,85.7％ and 72.1％,respectively in the evaluation of LA function changes.Conclusions RT3D-STI can precisely and objectively assess the LA function changes by measuring the volume changes and tracing the myocardial motion in elderly IMR patients.
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Purpose Recently the incidence of bone and joint degeneration is increased,with the increasing of cardiovascular disease complication.This study aims to utilize realtime three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) in evaluating left ventricular remodeling index (LVRI),to guide treatment and improve the survival rate.Materials and Methods Fifty-seven cases of healthy volunteers (normal control group) and sixty-seven patients with bone and joint degeneration (research group) were respectively divided into two subgroups according to the age.Both groups underwent conventional echocardiography and RT-3DE.The LVRI,left ventricular end diastolic volume index (LVEDVI),left ventricular mass index (LVMI),left ventricular end systolic volume index (LVESVI) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by different methods were analyzed,and the differences and correlations between groups and within each group were compared.Results The age of normal control group and research group was not significantly different (P＞0.05).The LVMI and LVRI in research group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group with same age (P＜0.05).The LVEDVI,LVMI and LVRI measured by two-dimensional echocardiography and M-mode echocardiography were higher than those measured by RT-3DE,and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Bland-Altman agreement analysis showed good agreement of measured LVRI using 2D echocardiography and RT-3DE.Conclusion Patients with bone and joint degeneration have left ventricular remodeling.RT-3DE can accurately assess LVRI with the advantages of convenience and lack of radiation,which can be widely used in clinic.
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Purpose To detect left atrial volume change and myocardial strain,and to evaluate left atrial (LA) function in coronary heart disease patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) by real-time three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (RT3D-STI).Materials and Methods Eighty-eight patients with coronary disease were divided into non mitral regurgitation group (NMR group,n=30) and mitral regurgitation group (MR group,n=58),including mild MR (n=20),moderate MR (n=20) and severe MR (n=18).Thirty healthy participants were also included as control group.Using RT3D-STI,the global atrial longitudinal strain (GLS),global radial strain (GRS),global circumferential strain (GCS),LA maximal,minimal and pre-systolic volume (LAVmax,LAVmin and LAVp),LA passive ejection fraction (LApEF) and LA active ejection fraction (LAaEF) were measured,and the relationship between LA myocardial strain and left ventricular function was analyzed.Results ① The LAEF,LVEF,LApEF in NMR group and MR group decreased compared those with the control group (P＜0.05),and the LApEF in MR group were lower than those in NMR group (P＜0.05);② compared with the control group,the GLS and GCS in NMR group and MR group decreased observably (P＜0.05),and the parameters in MR group was lower than those in NMR group (P＜0.05);along with the severity of mitral regurgitation,GLS,GCS and GRS declined in varying degrees.③ The overall strain ability of left atrial myocardium (GLS,GCS,GRS) had a positive correlation with LAEF (NMR group:r=-0.810,-0.760 and 0.851;MR group:r=-0.680,-0.745 and 0.583;P＜0.05).Conclusion RT3D-STI plays an important role in assessing LA myocardial movement change and evaluating left atrial function of mitral regurgitation patients by nvestigating left atrial volume change,calculating LAEF and tracing myocardial motion,which provides valuable references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Objective To evaluate the role of combination of three-vessel views in ultrasound diagnosis of fetal aortic arch and pulmonary arterial branch anomalies.Methods The data of 66 cases of fetal aortic arch and pulmonary arterial branch anomalies were retrospectively analysed,including echocardiographic data,autopsy and operation records and postnatal follow-up results.Echocardiogaphic features and display frequencies on three vessels and trachea view(3VT),three vessels view(3VV)and three vessels and pulmonary arterial branches view(3VP)were summarized.Results There were 52 cases of aortic arch abnormalities,including 32 cases of right aortic arch with left ductus arteriosus,4 cases of double aortic arch,7 cases of aberrant right subclavian artery,6 cases of coarctation of aorta and 3 cases of interruption of aortic arch.Fourteen cases were diagnosed pulmonary aterial branch abnormalities,including 1 0 cases of crossed pulmonary arteries,2 cases of anomalous origin of left pulmonary artery from aortic arch and 2 cases of pulmonary artery sling.The display frequencies of fetal aortic arch and pulmonary arterial branch anomalies on 3VT,3VV and 3VP were 80.3%,19.7% and 39.4%.Conclusions The combination of three-vessel views is of great value in prenatal diagnosis of fetal aortic arch and pulmonary arterial branch anomalies.
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Objective To explore the basic method and clinical application of spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the routine scanning of normal fetal heart. Methods Totally 120 volume datasets of normal fetal heart were acquired with 2D and STIC, respectively. The difference in time between the two methods were compared and the basic imaging method was explored and analyzed.Results Satisfactory gray-scale volume acquisitions were accomplished in all 120 cases. The quality of the images derived from volume datasets were comparable to that directly obtained from 2D echocardiography. No significant difference of visualization rate was found between the two methods (P>0.05). Some views that could not be showed with 2D were acquired with STIC. In fetal heart screening, STIC (n=104) and routine ultrasonography (n=85) took (4.47±2.32) min and (5.26±2.01) min per case, respectively.Conclusion STIC provides more views and information than 2D, simplifies the picture-gathering process, decreases the dependence of examiner, increases the efficiency, and decreases the exposure upon fetal heart obviously.
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Objective To analyze strain characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM) and explore the clinical value of strain rate imaging in differentiating HCM from hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy(H-LVH). Methods Parameters of strain and strain rate were obtained and compared among 23 HCM patients, 30 patients with H-LVH and 20 healthy people(control group). Results In HCM group, systolic strain(?_ sys ),peak systolic strain rate(SR_ sys ), early diastolic strain rate(SR_ dia ) obtained from inter-ventricle septum(IVS) were smaller than that obtained from left ventricle posterior wall(LVPW), while SR_a increased in IVS. ?_ sys ,SR_ sys ,SR_ dia in both patients with HCM and H-LVH were smaller than that in control group, while atrial systolic strain rate(SR_a) increased in HCM group and H-LVH group. ?_ sys , SR_ sys , SR_ dia , SR_a obtained from IVS and ?_ sys , SR_ dia obtained from LVPW in HCM group showed statistic differences compared with H-LVH group. Conclusions Strain rate imaging could accurately detect the abnormal regional myocardial function of HCM and can be applied as a useful tool in discriminating HCM from H-LVH.
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Fubidou Grandle is a new Chinese herbal preparation. It consists of Rizoma Chuanxiong, Fructus Forsythiae and Herba Asari. It is used for the treatment of acute and subacute paran asal sinusitis. This work reports a new HPLC method for the determination of tetramethylpyr azine in the chinese herbal preparation.A revers phase column C18 was used for the separati on with methanol-water (52∶ 48)at 1 .0ml/min as eluentand measured by UV detector at 292nm.The extraction recovery was 99.2％, RSD was 1.1％(n = 4) and the seusitivity limit of quantit ative analysis was 0.5?g/ml. The assayis simple, rapid and sensitive with good reproduction